Fig. 5.<\/strong> Virkningerne af hydrogenern\u00e6ringsterapi p\u00e5 fedme og metaboliske sygdomme.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDesuden var der et bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdigt fald i serumtriglycerider efter H2-interventionen (21,3 % vs. 6,5 %), mens andre blodlipider ikke \u00e6ndrede sig i l\u00f8bet af studiet. Fasteinsulinniveauet i serum faldt med 5,4 % efter hydrogeninterventionen, mens det steg med 29,3 % i placebogruppen. Studiet tyder p\u00e5, at oral indtagelse af hydrogen som en kombination af hydrogenproducerende mineraler kan v\u00e6re et nyttigt redskab til at kontrollere kropssammens\u00e6tning og insulinresistens hos overv\u00e6gtige personer [74].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et nyligt studie unders\u00f8gte de potentielle fordele ved indtagelse af HRW p\u00e5 glukose- og lipidmetabolisme, inflammation og oxidativ stress hos mus med type 2-diabetes mellitus (DM2). Studiet brugte velmodellerede T2DM-mus i to grupper. Den f\u00f8rste gruppe fik en fedtrig kost og indtog renset vand eller HRW ved 1,0 mg\/l. Kontrolgruppen bestod af normale mus, der fulgte en almindelig di\u00e6t og indtog renset vand. Efter tre ugers behandling blev flere biomark\u00f8rer evalueret for at vurdere glukose- og lipidmetabolisme, inflammation, oxidativ stress og andre faktorer. Resultaterne viste, at indtagelse af HRW kan hj\u00e6lpe med at d\u00e6mpe stigningen i glukose, total kolesterol, oxidativ stress og inflammation. Desuden kan HRW ogs\u00e5 forbedre lever-, nyre- og miltdysfunktion for\u00e5rsaget af hyperglyk\u00e6mi. Studiet konkluderede, at daglig indtagelse af HRW hos patienter med type 2-diabetes potentielt kan forbedre deres tilstand [75].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et andet klinisk studie unders\u00f8gte effekten af at drikke HRW p\u00e5 patienter med nedsat lipidmetabolisme, glukosemetabolisme og DM2 eller nedsat glukosetolerance (IGT). Studiet omfattede 30 patienter med type 2-diabetes, som fik di\u00e6tbehandling og motion, og 6 patienter med IGT. Patienterne blev tilf\u00e6ldigt inddelt i to grupper: Den ene gruppe fik 900 ml HRW dagligt i 8 uger med en 12-ugers udvaskningsperiode, og den anden gruppe fik 900 ml rent vand som placebo. Unders\u00f8gelsen viste, at indtagelse af HRW i drikkeform var forbundet med et betydeligt fald (15,5 %) i modificeret lav densitet-lipoproteinkolesterol (LDL) og niveauet af 8-isoprostan i urinen. Ved indtagelse af HRW s\u00e5s ogs\u00e5 en tendens til reduktion af serumkoncentrationer af oxideret LDL og frie fedtsyrer og en stigning i plasmaniveauer af adiponektin og ekstracellul\u00e6r superoxiddismutase. Indtagelse af HRW i drikkeform normaliserede den orale glukosetolerancetest hos 4 ud af 6 patienter med IGT. Disse resultater tyder p\u00e5, at indtagelse af HRW i drikkeform kan spille en gavnlig rolle i forebyggelsen af type 2 DM og insulinresistens [76].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et studie unders\u00f8gte effekten af at drikke HRW p\u00e5 type 2-diabetes hos overv\u00e6gtige db\/db-mus, der mangler funktionelle leptinreceptorer. Resultaterne viste, at indtagelse af HRW reducerede oxidativ stress i leveren og fedtlever induceret af en fedtrig kost betydeligt. Derudover kontrollerede et langvarigt indtag af HRW kropsv\u00e6gten og fedtm\u00e6ngden signifikant uden at \u00f8ge kost- eller vandindtaget. Desuden viste det sig, at HRW reducerede niveauet af glukose, insulin og triglycerid i plasma, \u00f8gede ekspressionen af FGF21, et hormon, der \u00f8ger forbruget af glukose og fedtsyrer, og stimulerede energimetabolismen. Disse resultater indikerer, at indtagelse af HRW har potentielle fordele i forhold til at forbedre fedme, diabetes og metabolisk syndrom [37].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et randomiseret, dobbeltblindt, placebokontrolleret studie blev udf\u00f8rt p\u00e5 60 personer, der var diagnosticeret med metabolisk syndrom. Studiet omfattede en indledende observationsperiode p\u00e5 en uge for at registrere kliniske baseline-data. Dette blev efterfulgt af en 24-ugers behandlingsfase, hvor deltagerne tilf\u00e6ldigt blev tildelt til placebo eller h\u00f8jkoncentreret HRW (>5,5 mmol H2 pr. dag) gennem randomisering. Studiet konkluderede, at administration af h\u00f8jkoncentreret HRW kunne s\u00e6nke kolesterol- og glukoseniveauet i blodet betydeligt, mindske h\u00e6moglobin A1c i serum og forbedre biomark\u00f8rer for inflammation og redox-hom\u00f8ostase sammenlignet med placebogruppen. Desuden p\u00e5virkede HRW body mass index og talje-hofte-forholdet en smule. Baseret p\u00e5 disse resultater foreslog rapporten, at h\u00f8jkoncentreret HRW kan have potentiale som en terapeutisk tilgang til at mindske de risikofaktorer, der er forbundet med metabolisk syndrom [77].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et andet studie blev udf\u00f8rt p\u00e5 20 personer med risiko for metabolisk syndrom. Deltagerne blev bedt om at indtage HRW i to m\u00e5neder. Unders\u00f8gelsen viste, at indtagelsen af HRW \u00f8gede det antioxidative enzym, superoxiddismutase (SOD), i urinen med 39 % og reducerede reaktive stoffer af thiobarbitursyre (TBARS) med 43 %. Desuden oplevede deltagerne et fald p\u00e5 13 % i total kolesterol\/HDL-kolesterol fra baseline til uge 4, og der blev observeret en stigning p\u00e5 8 % i HDL-kolesterol. Studiet konkluderede, at indtagelse af HRW i drikkeform kan virke forebyggende og terapeutisk p\u00e5 metabolisk syndrom [78].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et andet studie unders\u00f8gte effekten af HRW-bade p\u00e5 fedt omkring de indre organer og v\u00e6gttab. Deltagerne blev neds\u00e6nket i et varmt hydrogenvandsbad i 10 minutter dagligt i en m\u00e5ned. De foretog ingen \u00e6ndringer i deres kost eller motionsvaner. Resultaterne viste, at maveomkredsen hos to personer faldt markant efter en m\u00e5ned. Den ene persons maveomkreds blev reduceret fra 91 til 82 cm, og den anden persons maveomkreds blev reduceret fra 79 til 74 cm. Rynkerne p\u00e5 deres mave forsvandt, og den blev strammere. Efter tre m\u00e5neder var omr\u00e5det med indre fedt hos disse personer ogs\u00e5 reduceret betydeligt. Omr\u00e5det med indre fedt hos den ene person faldt fra 99 cm2 til 76 cm2, mens det hos den anden person fra 47 cm2 til 36 cm2. Studiet tyder p\u00e5, at et hydrogenbad effektivt kan tr\u00e6nge igennem huden og n\u00e5 kroppens indre organer og derved forbedre omr\u00e5det med visceralt fedt og lipidmetaboliske mark\u00f8rer [44].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Colitis ulcerosa (UC) er en almindelig sygdom, der p\u00e5virker slimhinden i endetarmen og tyktarmen og for\u00e5rsager sv\u00e6re mavesmerter, oppustethed, svaghed og diarr\u00e9. En energi- og proteinrig kost (15-20 % af den daglige energi) med et h\u00f8jt indhold af vitaminer og mineraler og et lavt indhold af fedt og fibre har vist sig at have terapeutiske fordele for mennesker med denne sygdom. Studier har ogs\u00e5 vist, at mellemk\u00e6dede fedtsyrer og n-3-fedtsyrer har en positiv effekt p\u00e5 disse patienter [79].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et studie blev udf\u00f8rt p\u00e5 mus for at unders\u00f8ge virkningen og mekanismen af H2 ved kronisk colitis ulcerosa. Musene blev inddelt i tre grupper: kontrolgruppen (NC), UC-gruppen (dextransulfatnatrium, DSS) og DSS + HRW-gruppen, der blev behandlet med HRW (0,8 ppm) og DSS. Ved studiets afslutning viste musene i DSS-gruppen typiske kliniske tegn p\u00e5 colitis. Samtidig lindrede behandlingen med HRW delvist symptomerne p\u00e5 colitis, forbedrede de histopatologiske forandringer, \u00f8gede koncentrationen af glutathion (GSH) signifikant og reducerede niveauet af TNF-\u03b1. Behandling med HRW h\u00e6mmede ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6ksten af Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis og Bacteroides fragilis betydeligt og bragte deres niveauer t\u00e6t p\u00e5 niveauet i NC-gruppen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Microarray-analyse viste signifikante \u00e6ndringer i 252 gener efter HRW-behandling sammenlignet med gruppen, der kun fik DSS-behandling, idet 17 gener var forbundet med inflammation, herunder 9 interferonstimulerede gener (ISG). HRW fandtes at udvise delvis lindring af inflammation, oxidativ stress og dysbiose i tarmfloraen hos mus med kronisk colitis ulcerosa (UC) induceret af dextransulfatnatrium (DSS) [80].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I et forskningsstudie, der unders\u00f8gte effekten af H2 p\u00e5 UC, fik mus injiceret 10 eller 20 ml\/kg hydrogenrigt saltvand hver anden dag i to uger. Behandling med HRS resulterede i reduceret v\u00e6gttab, reduceret diarr\u00e9 og lindrede skader p\u00e5 tarmslimhinden hos UC-mus [81].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Anvendelse af hydrogenern\u00e6ringsterapi ved leversygdomme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Leveren er et af de prim\u00e6re m\u00e5l for angreb fra frie radikaler p\u00e5 grund af dens direkte involvering i metaboliske processer. Frie radikaler beskadiger hepatocytternes membraner, hvilket igen medf\u00f8rer aflejring af kollagen i hepatocytten og til sidst for\u00e5rsager leverfibrose og cirrose [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Leveren spiller en afg\u00f8rende rolle i ern\u00e6ringsmetabolismen og udf\u00f8rer vigtige funktioner som glykogenlagring, afgiftning og proteinsyntese. Disse funktioner er nedsat ved leversygdom, hvilket resulterer i forskellige metaboliske forstyrrelser. Forringelsen af disse patienters ern\u00e6ringstilstand kan f\u00f8re til, at sygdommen udvikler sig. Derfor kan kostr\u00e5dgivning og ern\u00e6ringsterapi v\u00e6re nyttig i behandlingen af visse leversygdomme [82].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Non-alkoholisk fedtleversygdom (NAFLD) skyldes et for stort indtag af m\u00e6ttet fedt, salt og fruktose i kosten, hvilket f\u00f8rer til tilstande som fedme, insulinresistens og ophobning af triglycerider i levercellerne. Derfor er ern\u00e6ringsterapi afg\u00f8rende i behandlingen af NAFLD. Der findes ikke et enkelt kostprogram, som kan anvendes p\u00e5 alle patienter med NAFLD. En afbalanceret kost best\u00e5ende af fuldkorn, frugt, gr\u00f8ntsager og fisk med et begr\u00e6nset indtag af m\u00e6ttet fedt, salt og fruktose har dog vist sig at have en gavnlig effekt p\u00e5 sygdommen [82,83].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hepatitis er en leversygdom, der kan for\u00e5rsage underern\u00e6ring hos patienter. For at forebygge dette anbefales en kost med et h\u00f8jt protein- og energiindhold, hvor kulhydrater udg\u00f8r ca. 55-60 % af den daglige energi, fedt 25-40 % og proteiner 2-3 g\/kg\/dag. Denne kost b\u00f8r ogs\u00e5 v\u00e6re rig p\u00e5 vitaminer. For personer med kronisk hepatitis C kan medicinsk ern\u00e6ringsterapi \u00f8ge effektiviteten af antiviral behandling. Indtagelse af n-3 flerum\u00e6ttede fedtsyrer (PUFA) har vist sig at h\u00e6mme HCV-replikation, og en jernfattig kost kan hj\u00e6lpe med at reducere leverskader. Ved levercirrose, som er det mest fremskredne stadie af kronisk hepatitis, kan der opst\u00e5 ern\u00e6ringsproblemer, som komplicerer patientens tilstand og prognose. Derfor er ern\u00e6ringsterapi afg\u00f8rende for at forebygge disse komplikationer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et studie med mus evaluerede effekten af HRW og elektrolyseret alkalisk vand (EAW) p\u00e5 NAFLD fremkaldt af en fedtrig kost. Resultaterne viste, at HRW effektivt reducerede ophobningen af lipider i leveren, inflammation og CD36-ekspression. Hverken EAW eller HRW med lav hydrogenkoncentration havde dog nogen gavnlig effekt p\u00e5 NAFLD. Studiet konkluderede, at hydrogen (H2) er det aktive terapeutiske stof i EAW og kan lindre HFD-induceret NAFLD hos mus [84]. Et otte-ugers dobbeltblindet, placebokontrolleret, randomiseret klinisk studie med 30 fors\u00f8gspersoner med NAFLD viste, at HRW reducerede kropsv\u00e6gten og BMI. Det havde ogs\u00e5 en tendens til at forbedre lipidprofilen og have forskellige antioxidante og antiinflammatoriske virkninger [85].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et studie blev udf\u00f8rt for at unders\u00f8ge effekten af HRW p\u00e5 mennesker med kronisk hepatitis B (CHB). I studiet blev 60 patienter med kronisk hepatitis B randomiseret til enten en gruppe med rutinebehandling eller en gruppe med hydrogenterapi. Patienterne i kontrolgruppen fik standardbehandling, mens patienterne i hydrogenterapigruppen indtog HRW oralt (1200-1800 ml\/dag, to gange dagligt) i 6 uger som supplement til standardbehandlingen. Studiet omfattede ogs\u00e5 en kontrolgruppe p\u00e5 30 raske fors\u00f8gspersoner til sammenligning. Efter studiet udviste kontrolgruppen en ikke-signifikant \u00e6ndring i oxidativ stress, mens hydrogenterapigruppen udviste en markant forbedring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Leverfunktionen viste en signifikant forbedring, og der var en signifikant reduktion i DNA-niveauerne af hepatitis B-virus efter behandlingen. Selvom der blev observeret en ikke-signifikant forskel i oxidativ stress mellem de to grupper, viste kontrol- og hydrogengrupperne en forbedret tendens i leverfunktion og DNA-niveauer af hepatitis B-virus. I overensstemmelse med disse resultater blev det rapporteret, at HRW i signifikant grad reducerede oxidativ stress hos patienter med kronisk hepatitis B. Yderligere studier med langtidsbehandling blev dog anbefalet for at bekr\u00e6fte effekten af HRW p\u00e5 leverfunktion og DNA-niveauer af hepatitis B-virus [86].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. Anvendelse af hydrogenern\u00e6ringsterapi ved respiratoriske sygdomme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Produktionen af reaktive oxygenarter (ROS) kan nedbryde antioxidanter i lungerne, s\u00e5som glutathion, hvilket f\u00f8rer til forskellige lungesygdomme [41]. De omfatter astma, kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom (KOL), akut lungeskade, lungefibrose og lungekr\u00e6ft. Oxidativ stress er en n\u00f8glefaktor i de inflammatoriske reaktioner, der er forbundet med lungesygdomme, da det udl\u00f8ser opregulering af redoxf\u00f8lsomme transkriptionsfaktorer, som fremmer ekspressionen af pro-inflammatoriske gener. Derudover kan selve inflammationen bidrage yderligere til oxidativ stress i lungerne [10,41,87].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Flere respiratoriske sygdomme kan p\u00e5virke en persons helbred. Disse omfatter arbejdsbetingede lungesygdomme, luftvejsallergier, kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom, s\u00f8vnapn\u00f8-syndrom, astma og pulmonal hypertension. Disse sygdomme kan for\u00e5rsage kronisk inflammation, unormal reaktion p\u00e5 skader, \u00e5nden\u00f8d, nedsat tr\u00e6ningstolerance, for tidlig aldring og tab af makrofager, T-lymfocytter og neutrofile granulocytter i lungerne. Disse tilstande kan ogs\u00e5 f\u00f8re til overdreven aktivering af fibroblaster, hvilket kan p\u00e5virke personens respiratoriske sundhed negativt [88]. Personer med respiratoriske sygdomme har et \u00f8get energibehov. \u00c5ndedr\u00e6tsbesv\u00e6r opst\u00e5r p\u00e5 grund af ophobning af kuldioxid i lungerne. Et h\u00f8jt proteinindtag er n\u00f8dvendigt for at beskytte og reparere lunge- og muskelv\u00e6v og d\u00e6kker 15-20 % af det daglige energibehov (1,2-1,7 g\/kg). Fedt b\u00f8r udg\u00f8re 30-45 % af det daglige energibehov, og m\u00e6ttet fedt b\u00f8r undg\u00e5s. Patienter med respiratoriske sygdomme har brug for vitaminer og mineraler som C-vitamin, magnesium og calcium. Desuden b\u00f8r man tage D- og K-vitamin ved fald i knoglemineralt\u00e6theden. Di\u00e6ten b\u00f8r begr\u00e6nse natrium- og v\u00e6skeindtaget for personer med \u00f8demer og samtidig \u00f8ge kaliumindtaget. Personlig ern\u00e6ringsterapi har en positiv indvirkning p\u00e5 patienter med respiratoriske sygdomme [89].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Der blev udf\u00f8rt et studie for at vurdere de positive virkninger af hydrogengas p\u00e5 lungeskader for\u00e5rsaget af eksponering for cigaretr\u00f8g (CS) hos mus. Studiet brugte en musemodel af kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom, hvor mus blev udsat for CS i 8 uger, og der blev givet HRW. Resultaterne viste, at administration af HRW havde en d\u00e6mpende effekt p\u00e5 CS-induceret lungeskade, hvilket kom til udtryk i en reduktion i det gennemsnitlige line\u00e6re intercept og indekset for lungeskade. Desuden forbedrede administration af HRW signifikant den statiske lungecompliance hos mus, der blev udsat for CS, sammenlignet med mus, der ikke fik hydrogenterapi. Desuden udviste HRW-behandlede mus lavere niveauer af mark\u00f8rer, der er forbundet med oxidativ DNA-skade, s\u00e5som fosforyleret histon H2AX og 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxy-guanosin, samt mark\u00f8rer, der indikerer aldring, s\u00e5som den cyklinafh\u00e6ngige kinaseinhibitor 2A, 1 og \u03b2-galactosidase. Disse resultater indikerer, at HRW potentielt kan lindre CS-induceret emfysem ved at reducere oxidativ DNA-skade og for tidlig cellul\u00e6r aldring i lungerne [90].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Et studie har tydet p\u00e5, at H2 muligvis kan reducere lungeskade for\u00e5rsaget af CLP (c\u00f8kal ligering og punktur) hos rotter. Studiet viste, at de dyr, der blev udsat for CLP, oplevede bet\u00e6ndelse og dysfunktion i gasudvekslingen i lungerne. Behandling med hydrogenrigt saltvand forbedrede imidlertid lungeskaden signifikant ved at reducere vandindholdet i lungerne og infiltration af neutrofile granulocytter, forbedre gasudvekslingen og de histologiske \u00e6ndringer i lungerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H2 reducerede ogs\u00e5 lipidperoxidering og DNA-oxidation i lungev\u00e6v ved at reducere indholdet af nitrotyrosin. Desuden virkede H2 som en antioxidant ved at opretholde superoxid-dismutase-aktiviteten ved tilstedev\u00e6relse af CLP. Behandling med HRS h\u00e6mmede ogs\u00e5 aktiveringen af p-p38 og NF-\u03baB, mens den undertrykte produktionen af flere proinflammatoriske mediatorer, hvilket viste, at peritoneal injektion af HRS forbedrede histologiske og funktionelle vurderinger i rottemodellen for CLP-induceret akut lungeskade [91].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. Anvendelse af hydrogenern\u00e6ringsterapi ved sygdomme i hjernen og nervesystemet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Hjernen producerer store m\u00e6ngder ROS, som kan for\u00e5rsage neurologiske lidelser, s\u00e5som Alzheimers sygdom, Parkinsons sygdom og amyotrofisk lateral sklerose [92].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Visse sygdomme er for\u00e5rsaget af den gradvise degeneration af neuroner, hvilket f\u00f8rer til funktionelle og strukturelle tab. Nogle eksempler p\u00e5 s\u00e5danne neurologiske lidelser er Alzheimers sygdom, Parkinsons sygdom, skizofreni, multipel sklerose og depression. Visse di\u00e6ter s\u00e5som middelhavskost, ketogen kost eller DASH-di\u00e6t kan dog have gavnlige virkninger i behandlingen af disse lidelser […93-96]. En medicinsk kost b\u00f8r hovedsageligt best\u00e5 af frugt, gr\u00f8ntsager, n\u00f8dder, krydderier og b\u00e6lgfrugter. Disse f\u00f8devarer indeholder antiinflammatoriske elementer s\u00e5som polyfenoler, vitaminer, essentielle mineraler, omega-3-fedtsyrer og probiotika. Et stort indtag af disse produkter i kosten gavner hjernens sundhed og reducerer risikoen for neurologiske sygdomme […93-95,97].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I l\u00f8bet af et studie, der varede syv m\u00e5neder, blev triple-transgene Alzheimers mus behandlet med HRW. Studiet viste, at indtagelse af HRW forhindrede synaptisk tab og neuronal d\u00f8d, h\u00e6mmede dannelsen af senile plaques og reducerede hyperfosforylerede neurofibrill\u00e6re sammenfiltringer hos musene. Desuden forbedrede indtagelse af HRW forstyrrelser i hjernens energimetabolisme, adresserede ubalancer i tarmfloraen og mildnede inflammatoriske reaktioner [98].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I et klinisk studie blev 48 patienter med Parkinsons sygdom tilf\u00e6ldigt inddelt i to grupper. Alle patienter havde allerede v\u00e6ret i behandling med levodopa. Den ene gruppe drak 1 liter HRW dagligt, mens den anden drak normalt vand. Efter 48 uger blev der foretaget kliniske evalueringer ved hj\u00e6lp af UPDRS-scoren (Unified Parkinson’sDisease Rating Scale), som vurderer b\u00e5de motoriske og ikke-motoriske symptomer hos Parkinson-patienter. Resultaterne viste, at kontrolgruppen oplevede en forv\u00e6rring af symptomerne, mens gruppen, der indtog HRW, oplevede en signifikant forbedring af symptomerne [99].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I et studie blev mus udsat for mild og uforudsigelig stress i fire uger og fik HRW i denne periode. Studiet viste, at mus, der indtog HRW, havde f\u00e6rre symptomer p\u00e5 depression end dem, der ikke gjorde. Indtagelse af HRW viste sig ogs\u00e5 at undertrykke inflammatorisk aktivering, hvilket resulterede i lavere niveauer af protein IL-1\u03b2 og ROS-produktion [100].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Konklusioner<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Overproduktion af frie radikaler fra forskellige indre og ydre faktorer f\u00f8rer til oxidativ stress, som kan \u00e6ndre redox-hom\u00f8ostasen og den strukturelle sammens\u00e6tning af mange celle- og organkomponenter, hvilket resulterer i forskellige lidelser og sygdomme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen har antiinflammatoriske, antiapoptotiske, selektive antioxidant- og gode diffusions- og penetrationsegenskaber. Studier har vist, at molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen har fordele i forhold til at kontrollere kropsv\u00e6gt, inflammation, metaboliske mark\u00f8rer og sygdomme uden negative bivirkninger. De fleste studier med brugen af molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen til at lindre sygdomme tyder p\u00e5, at hydrogen kan give sundhedsm\u00e6ssige fordele p\u00e5 grund af sine specifikke biologiske egenskaber. Brugen af molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen i ern\u00e6ringsterapi mod sygdomme er endnu ikke blevet grundigt unders\u00f8gt. Resultaterne fra de seneste eksperimentelle og kliniske studier tyder imidlertid p\u00e5, at H2 kan v\u00e6re en lovende ern\u00e6ringsterapi til forskellige sygdomme. Der skal dog gennemf\u00f8res l\u00e6ngerevarende studier for at administrere molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen i definerede protokoller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nForfatternes bidrag<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nFatmanur Y\u0131ld\u0131z: Forfatning – originalt udkast, visualisering, validering, metodologi, unders\u00f8gelse, formel analyse, datakuratering, konceptualisering. Tyler W. LeBaron: Forfatning \u2013 gennemgang og redigering, unders\u00f8gelse. Duried Alwazeer: Forfatning \u2013 gennemgang og redigering, supervision, ressourcer, projektadministration, unders\u00f8gelse, datakuratering, konceptualisering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d8konomisk st\u00f8tte<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nDenne forskning blev st\u00f8ttet af Igdir University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit med projekt-ID Y\u0130P1023\u013002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Interessekonflikter<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nForfatterne erkl\u00e6rer, at de ikke har nogen kendte \u00f8konomiske interessekonflikter eller personlige forhold, der kunne synes at p\u00e5virke det arbejde, der er rapporteret i denne artikel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nIkke relevant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tilg\u00e6ngelighed af data<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nData vil blive gjort tilg\u00e6ngeligt p\u00e5 anmodning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Oxidativ stress spiller en central rolle i udviklingen af mange sygdomme, og antioxidanter er ofte en del af deres behandlingsprotokoller.<\/p>\n
I l\u00f8bet af de sidste to \u00e5rtier har adskillige biomedicinske rapporter afsl\u00f8ret de terapeutiske fordele ved molekyl\u00e6r hydrogen (H2) til at lindre oxidationsrelaterede sygdomme.<\/p>\n
H2 har vist sig at have selektive antioxidantegenskaber mod de mest skadelige oxidanter, s\u00e5som hydroxylradikaler og peroxynitrit<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":52964,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[189],"tags":[],"ambassador_emne":[],"class_list":["post-52965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-videnskab"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":189,"label":"Videnskab"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/iwater.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fig-3-Fig-3-Sygdomme-hydrogenernaeringsterapi-udvalgt-scaled-1-1024x683.avif",1024,683,true],"author_info":{"display_name":"webto","author_link":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/author\/webto\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":189,"name":"Videnskab","slug":"videnskab","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":189,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":10,"filter":"raw","term_order":"0","cat_ID":189,"category_count":10,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Videnskab","category_nicename":"videnskab","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52965","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52965"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52965\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52965"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52965"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52965"},{"taxonomy":"ambassador_emne","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwater.dk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ambassador_emne?post=52965"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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